Identidades pitagóricas
editar
O triángulo sombreado en azul ilustra a identidade
1
+
cot
2
θ
=
csc
2
θ
{\displaystyle 1+\cot ^{2}\theta =\csc ^{2}\theta }
, e o triángulo vermello mostra que
tan
2
θ
+
1
=
sec
2
θ
{\displaystyle \tan ^{2}\theta +1=\sec ^{2}\theta }
.
A relación básica entre o seno e o coseno vén dada pola identidade pitagórica:
sin
2
θ
+
cos
2
θ
=
1
,
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta +\cos ^{2}\theta =1,}
onde
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta }
significa
(
sin
θ
)
2
{\displaystyle (\sin \theta )^{2}}
e
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }
significa
(
cos
θ
)
2
.
{\displaystyle (\cos \theta )^{2}.}
Isto pódese ver como unha versión do teorema de Pitágoras , e dedúcese a partir da ecuación
x
2
+
y
2
=
1
{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=1}
para a circunferencia unitaria . Esta ecuación pódese resolver tanto para o seno como para o coseno:
sin
θ
=
±
1
−
cos
2
θ
,
cos
θ
=
±
1
−
sin
2
θ
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin \theta &=\pm {\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }},\\\cos \theta &=\pm {\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}.\end{aligned}}}
onde o signo depende do cuadrante de
θ
.
{\displaystyle \theta .}
Dividindo esta identidade por
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta }
,
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }
, ou ambos os dous, proporcionan as seguintes identidades:
1
+
cot
2
θ
=
csc
2
θ
1
+
tan
2
θ
=
sec
2
θ
sec
2
θ
+
csc
2
θ
=
sec
2
θ
csc
2
θ
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&1+\cot ^{2}\theta =\csc ^{2}\theta \\&1+\tan ^{2}\theta =\sec ^{2}\theta \\&\sec ^{2}\theta +\csc ^{2}\theta =\sec ^{2}\theta \csc ^{2}\theta \end{aligned}}}
Usando estas identidades, é posíbel expresar calquera función trigonométrica en termos de calquera outra (ata un signo máis ou menos):
Cada función trigonométrica en función de cada unha das outras cinco.
en función de
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin \theta }
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc \theta }
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos \theta }
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec \theta }
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta }
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot \theta }
sin
θ
=
{\displaystyle \sin \theta =}
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin \theta }
1
csc
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\csc \theta }}}
±
1
−
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}
±
sec
2
θ
−
1
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}{\sec \theta }}}
±
tan
θ
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\tan \theta }{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
1
1
+
cot
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}}}
csc
θ
=
{\displaystyle \csc \theta =}
1
sin
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sin \theta }}}
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc \theta }
±
1
1
−
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
sec
θ
sec
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sec \theta }{\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
±
1
+
tan
2
θ
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}{\tan \theta }}}
±
1
+
cot
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}}
cos
θ
=
{\displaystyle \cos \theta =}
±
1
−
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}
±
csc
2
θ
−
1
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}{\csc \theta }}}
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos \theta }
1
sec
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sec \theta }}}
±
1
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
cot
θ
1
+
cot
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\cot \theta }{\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}}}
sec
θ
=
{\displaystyle \sec \theta =}
±
1
1
−
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
csc
θ
csc
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\csc \theta }{\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
1
cos
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\cos \theta }}}
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec \theta }
±
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}
±
1
+
cot
2
θ
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}{\cot \theta }}}
tan
θ
=
{\displaystyle \tan \theta =}
±
sin
θ
1
−
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sin \theta }{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
1
csc
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
±
1
−
cos
2
θ
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}{\cos \theta }}}
±
sec
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}}
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta }
1
cot
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\cot \theta }}}
cot
θ
=
{\displaystyle \cot \theta =}
±
1
−
sin
2
θ
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}{\sin \theta }}}
±
csc
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}}
±
cos
θ
1
−
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\cos \theta }{\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
1
sec
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
1
tan
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\tan \theta }}}
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot \theta }
Reflexións, desprazamentos e periodicidade
editar
Examinando a circunferencia unitaria, pódense estabelecer as seguintes propiedades das funcións trigonométricas.
Se unha liña (vector) con dirección
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
reflíctese sobre unha liña con dirección
α
,
{\displaystyle \alpha ,}
daquela o ángulo de dirección
θ
′
{\displaystyle \theta ^{\prime }}
desta liña reflectida (vector) ten o valor
θ
′
=
2
α
−
θ
.
{\displaystyle \theta ^{\prime }=2\alpha -\theta .}
Os valores das funcións trigonométricas destes ángulos
θ
,
θ
′
{\displaystyle \theta ,\;\theta ^{\prime }}
para ángulos específicos
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
satisfán identidades simples: ou son iguais, ou teñen signos opostos, ou empregan a función trigonométrica complementaria. Tamén se coñecen como fórmulas de redución (reduction formulae ).[ 1]
Desprazamentos e periodicidade
editar
Desprazado por un período dun cuarto
Desprazado por un período dun medio
Desprazado por períodos completos
Período
sin
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
±
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\pm \cos \theta }
sin
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(\theta +\pi )=-\sin \theta }
sin
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\sin \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
cos
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
∓
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\mp \sin \theta }
cos
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta +\pi )=-\cos \theta }
cos
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\cos \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
csc
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
±
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\pm \sec \theta }
csc
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(\theta +\pi )=-\csc \theta }
csc
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\csc \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
sec
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
∓
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\mp \csc \theta }
sec
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(\theta +\pi )=-\sec \theta }
sec
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\sec \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
tan
(
θ
±
π
4
)
=
tan
θ
±
1
1
∓
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{4}})={\tfrac {\tan \theta \pm 1}{1\mp \tan \theta }}}
tan
(
θ
+
π
2
)
=
−
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta +{\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=-\cot \theta }
tan
(
θ
+
k
⋅
π
)
=
+
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta +k\cdot \pi )=+\tan \theta }
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
cot
(
θ
±
π
4
)
=
cot
θ
∓
1
1
±
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{4}})={\tfrac {\cot \theta \mp 1}{1\pm \cot \theta }}}
cot
(
θ
+
π
2
)
=
−
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(\theta +{\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=-\tan \theta }
cot
(
θ
+
k
⋅
π
)
=
+
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(\theta +k\cdot \pi )=+\cot \theta }
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
O signo das funcións trigonométricas depende do cuadrante do ángulo. Se
−
π
<
θ
≤
π
{\displaystyle {-\pi }<\theta \leq \pi }
e sgn é a función signo ,
sgn
(
sin
θ
)
=
sgn
(
csc
θ
)
=
{
+
1
if
0
<
θ
<
π
−
1
if
−
π
<
θ
<
0
0
if
θ
∈
{
0
,
π
}
sgn
(
cos
θ
)
=
sgn
(
sec
θ
)
=
{
+
1
if
−
1
2
π
<
θ
<
1
2
π
−
1
if
−
π
<
θ
<
−
1
2
π
ou
1
2
π
<
θ
<
π
0
if
θ
∈
{
−
1
2
π
,
1
2
π
}
sgn
(
tan
θ
)
=
sgn
(
cot
θ
)
=
{
+
1
if
−
π
<
θ
<
−
1
2
π
ou
0
<
θ
<
1
2
π
−
1
if
−
1
2
π
<
θ
<
0
ou
1
2
π
<
θ
<
π
0
if
θ
∈
{
−
1
2
π
,
0
,
1
2
π
,
π
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {sgn}(\sin \theta )=\operatorname {sgn}(\csc \theta )&={\begin{cases}+1&{\text{if}}\ \ 0<\theta <\pi \\-1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-\pi }<\theta <0\\0&{\text{if}}\ \ \theta \in \{0,\pi \}\end{cases}}\\[5mu]\operatorname {sgn}(\cos \theta )=\operatorname {sgn}(\sec \theta )&={\begin{cases}+1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi }<\theta <{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \\-1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-\pi }<\theta <-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \ \ {\text{ou}}\ \ {\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi <\theta <\pi \\0&{\text{if}}\ \ \theta \in {\bigl \{}{-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi },{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi {\bigr \}}\end{cases}}\\[5mu]\operatorname {sgn}(\tan \theta )=\operatorname {sgn}(\cot \theta )&={\begin{cases}+1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-\pi }<\theta <-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \ \ {\text{ou}}\ \ 0<\theta <{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \\-1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi }<\theta <0\ \ {\text{ou}}\ \ {\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi <\theta <\pi \\0&{\text{if}}\ \ \theta \in {\bigl \{}{-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi },0,{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi ,\pi {\bigr \}}\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}}
As funcións trigonométricas son periódicas con período común
2
π
,
{\displaystyle 2\pi ,}
polo que para valores de θ fóra do intervalo
(
−
π
,
π
]
,
{\displaystyle ({-\pi },\pi ],}
toman valores repetitivos.
Identidades de suma e diferenza de ángulos
editar
Fórmulas de redución de potencias
editar
Identidades produto a suma e suma a produto
editar
Identidades produto a suma
editar
cos
θ
cos
φ
=
1
2
(
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
+
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
)
sin
θ
sin
φ
=
1
2
(
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
−
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
)
sin
θ
cos
φ
=
1
2
(
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
+
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
)
cos
θ
sin
φ
=
1
2
(
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
−
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos \theta \,\cos \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\cos(\theta -\varphi )+\cos(\theta +\varphi ){\bigr )}\\[3mu]\sin \theta \,\sin \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\cos(\theta -\varphi )-\cos(\theta +\varphi ){\bigr )}\\[3mu]\sin \theta \,\cos \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\sin(\theta +\varphi )+\sin(\theta -\varphi ){\bigr )}\\[3mu]\cos \theta \,\sin \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\sin(\theta +\varphi )-\sin(\theta -\varphi ){\bigr )}\end{aligned}}}
tan
θ
tan
φ
=
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
−
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
+
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
{\displaystyle \tan \theta \,\tan \varphi ={\frac {\cos(\theta -\varphi )-\cos(\theta +\varphi )}{\cos(\theta -\varphi )+\cos(\theta +\varphi )}}}
tan
θ
cot
φ
=
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
+
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
−
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
{\displaystyle \tan \theta \,\cot \varphi ={\frac {\sin(\theta +\varphi )+\sin(\theta -\varphi )}{\sin(\theta +\varphi )-\sin(\theta -\varphi )}}}
∏
k
=
1
n
cos
θ
k
=
1
2
n
∑
e
∈
S
cos
(
e
1
θ
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
θ
n
)
where
e
=
(
e
1
,
…
,
e
n
)
∈
S
=
{
1
,
−
1
}
n
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\prod _{k=1}^{n}\cos \theta _{k}&={\frac {1}{2^{n}}}\sum _{e\in S}\cos(e_{1}\theta _{1}+\cdots +e_{n}\theta _{n})\\[6pt]&{\text{where }}e=(e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n})\in S=\{1,-1\}^{n}\end{aligned}}}
∏
k
=
1
n
sin
θ
k
=
(
−
1
)
⌊
n
2
⌋
2
n
{
∑
e
∈
S
cos
(
e
1
θ
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
θ
n
)
∏
j
=
1
n
e
j
if
n
is even
,
∑
e
∈
S
sin
(
e
1
θ
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
θ
n
)
∏
j
=
1
n
e
j
if
n
is odd
{\displaystyle \prod _{k=1}^{n}\sin \theta _{k}={\frac {(-1)^{\left\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }}{2^{n}}}{\begin{cases}\displaystyle \sum _{e\in S}\cos(e_{1}\theta _{1}+\cdots +e_{n}\theta _{n})\prod _{j=1}^{n}e_{j}\;{\text{if}}\;n\;{\text{is even}},\\\displaystyle \sum _{e\in S}\sin(e_{1}\theta _{1}+\cdots +e_{n}\theta _{n})\prod _{j=1}^{n}e_{j}\;{\text{if}}\;n\;{\text{is odd}}\end{cases}}}
Identidades suma a produto
editar
As identidades de suma a produto son as seguintes:
sin
θ
±
sin
φ
=
2
sin
(
θ
±
φ
2
)
cos
(
θ
∓
φ
2
)
{\displaystyle \sin \theta \pm \sin \varphi =2\sin \left({\frac {\theta \pm \varphi }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {\theta \mp \varphi }{2}}\right)}
cos
θ
+
cos
φ
=
2
cos
(
θ
+
φ
2
)
cos
(
θ
−
φ
2
)
{\displaystyle \cos \theta +\cos \varphi =2\cos \left({\frac {\theta +\varphi }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {\theta -\varphi }{2}}\right)}
cos
θ
−
cos
φ
=
−
2
sin
(
θ
+
φ
2
)
sin
(
θ
−
φ
2
)
{\displaystyle \cos \theta -\cos \varphi =-2\sin \left({\frac {\theta +\varphi }{2}}\right)\sin \left({\frac {\theta -\varphi }{2}}\right)}
tan
θ
±
tan
φ
=
sin
(
θ
±
φ
)
cos
θ
cos
φ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta \pm \tan \varphi ={\frac {\sin(\theta \pm \varphi )}{\cos \theta \,\cos \varphi }}}
Relación coa función exponencial complexa
editar
A fórmula de Euler indica que, para calquera número real x :
e
i
x
=
cos
x
+
i
sin
x
,
{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x,}
onde i é a unidade imaxinaria . Substituíndo −x por x dános:
e
−
i
x
=
cos
(
−
x
)
+
i
sin
(
−
x
)
=
cos
x
−
i
sin
x
.
{\displaystyle e^{-ix}=\cos(-x)+i\sin(-x)=\cos x-i\sin x.}
Estas dúas ecuacións pódense usar para resolver o coseno e o seno en termos da función exponencial . En concreto,
cos
x
=
e
i
x
+
e
−
i
x
2
{\displaystyle \cos x={\frac {e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}}}
sin
x
=
e
i
x
−
e
−
i
x
2
i
{\displaystyle \sin x={\frac {e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2i}}}
Estas fórmulas son útiles para demostrar moitas outras identidades trigonométricas. Por exemplo, que e i (θ +φ ) = e iθ e iφ significa que
cos(θ + φ ) + i sin(θ + φ ) = (cos θ + i sin θ ) (cos φ + i sin φ ) = (cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ ) + i (cos θ sin φ + sin θ cos φ ) .
Que a parte real do lado esquerdo sexa igual á parte real do lado dereito é unha fórmula de suma de ángulos para o coseno. A igualdade das partes imaxinarias dá unha fórmula de suma de ángulos para o seno.
A seguinte táboa expresa as funcións trigonométricas e as súas inversas en función da función exponencial e do logaritmo complexo.
Función
Función inversa[ 6]
sin
θ
=
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
2
i
{\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}{2i}}}
arcsin
x
=
−
i
ln
(
i
x
+
1
−
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \arcsin x=-i\,\ln \left(ix+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right)}
cos
θ
=
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
2
{\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}{2}}}
arccos
x
=
−
i
ln
(
x
+
x
2
−
1
)
{\displaystyle \arccos x=-i\ln \left(x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right)}
tan
θ
=
−
i
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta =-i\,{\frac {e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}{e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}}}
arctan
x
=
i
2
ln
(
i
+
x
i
−
x
)
{\displaystyle \arctan x={\frac {i}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {i+x}{i-x}}\right)}
csc
θ
=
2
i
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \csc \theta ={\frac {2i}{e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}}}
arccsc
x
=
−
i
ln
(
i
x
+
1
−
1
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} x=-i\,\ln \left({\frac {i}{x}}+{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}\right)}
sec
θ
=
2
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \sec \theta ={\frac {2}{e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}}}
arcsec
x
=
−
i
ln
(
1
x
+
i
1
−
1
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} x=-i\,\ln \left({\frac {1}{x}}+i{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}\right)}
cot
θ
=
i
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \cot \theta =i\,{\frac {e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}{e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}}}
arccot
x
=
i
2
ln
(
x
−
i
x
+
i
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x={\frac {i}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {x-i}{x+i}}\right)}
cis
θ
=
e
i
θ
{\displaystyle \operatorname {cis} \theta =e^{i\theta }}
arccis
x
=
−
i
ln
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccis} x=-i\ln x}
Nota: cis é unha notación que indica coseno e a parte imaxinaria (i) para o seno .
Relación con funcións hiperbólicas complexas
editar
As funcións trigonométricas pódense deducir de funcións hiperbólicas con argumentos complexos . As fórmulas para as relacións móstranse a continuación[ 7] [ 8]
sin
x
=
−
i
sinh
(
i
x
)
cos
x
=
cosh
(
i
x
)
tan
x
=
−
i
tanh
(
i
x
)
cot
x
=
i
coth
(
i
x
)
sec
x
=
sech
(
i
x
)
csc
x
=
i
csch
(
i
x
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin x&=-i\sinh(ix)\\\cos x&=\cosh(ix)\\\tan x&=-i\tanh(ix)\\\cot x&=i\coth(ix)\\\sec x&=\operatorname {sech} (ix)\\\csc x&=i\operatorname {csch} (ix)\\\end{aligned}}}
Cando se utiliza unha expansión de serie de potencias para definir funcións trigonométricas, obtéñense as seguintes identidades:
sin
x
=
x
−
x
3
3
!
+
x
5
5
!
−
x
7
7
!
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
x
2
n
+
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
,
{\displaystyle \sin x=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}},}
cos
x
=
1
−
x
2
2
!
+
x
4
4
!
−
x
6
6
!
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
x
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
.
{\displaystyle \cos x=1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}-{\frac {x^{6}}{6!}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n}}{(2n)!}}.}
Fórmulas infinitas de produtos
editar
Para aplicacións con funcións especiais, son útiles as seguintes fórmulas de produtos infinitos para funcións trigonométricas.
Funcións trigonométricas circulares:
sin
x
=
x
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
−
x
2
π
2
n
2
)
,
cos
x
=
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
−
x
2
π
2
(
n
−
1
2
)
)
2
)
.
Funcións trigonométricas hiperbólicas:
sinh
x
=
x
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
+
x
2
π
2
n
2
)
,
cosh
x
=
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
+
x
2
π
2
(
n
−
1
2
)
)
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{Funcións trigonométricas circulares:}}\\\sin x&=x\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\right),&\cos x&=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}\left(n-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\!{\vphantom {)}}^{2}}}\right).\\[10mu]&{\text{Funcións trigonométricas hiperbólicas:}}\\[10mu]\sinh x&=x\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\right),&\cosh x&=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}\left(n-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\!{\vphantom {)}}^{2}}}\right).\end{aligned}}}
Funcións trigonométricas inversas
editar
As seguintes identidades dan o resultado de compoñer unha función trigonométrica cunha función trigonométrica inversa.[ 9]
sin
(
arcsin
x
)
=
x
cos
(
arcsin
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
tan
(
arcsin
x
)
=
x
1
−
x
2
sin
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
cos
(
arccos
x
)
=
x
tan
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
x
sin
(
arctan
x
)
=
x
1
+
x
2
cos
(
arctan
x
)
=
1
1
+
x
2
tan
(
arctan
x
)
=
x
sin
(
arccsc
x
)
=
1
x
cos
(
arccsc
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
x
tan
(
arccsc
x
)
=
1
x
2
−
1
sin
(
arcsec
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
x
cos
(
arcsec
x
)
=
1
x
tan
(
arcsec
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
sin
(
arccot
x
)
=
1
1
+
x
2
cos
(
arccot
x
)
=
x
1
+
x
2
tan
(
arccot
x
)
=
1
x
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin(\arcsin x)&=x&\cos(\arcsin x)&={\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}&\tan(\arcsin x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\\\sin(\arccos x)&={\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}&\cos(\arccos x)&=x&\tan(\arccos x)&={\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{x}}\\\sin(\arctan x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\cos(\arctan x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\tan(\arctan x)&=x\\\sin(\operatorname {arccsc} x)&={\frac {1}{x}}&\cos(\operatorname {arccsc} x)&={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}&\tan(\operatorname {arccsc} x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}\\\sin(\operatorname {arcsec} x)&={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}&\cos(\operatorname {arcsec} x)&={\frac {1}{x}}&\tan(\operatorname {arcsec} x)&={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\\\sin(\operatorname {arccot} x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\cos(\operatorname {arccot} x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\tan(\operatorname {arccot} x)&={\frac {1}{x}}\\\end{aligned}}}
Tomando o inverso multiplicativo de ambos os dous lados de cada ecuación anterior resultan as ecuacións para
csc
=
1
sin
,
sec
=
1
cos
,
and
cot
=
1
tan
.
{\displaystyle \csc ={\frac {1}{\sin }},\;\sec ={\frac {1}{\cos }},{\text{ and }}\cot ={\frac {1}{\tan }}.}
O lado dereito da fórmula anterior sempre se invertirá.
Por exemplo, a ecuación para
cot
(
arcsin
x
)
{\displaystyle \cot(\arcsin x)}
é:
cot
(
arcsin
x
)
=
1
tan
(
arcsin
x
)
=
1
x
1
−
x
2
=
1
−
x
2
x
{\displaystyle \cot(\arcsin x)={\frac {1}{\tan(\arcsin x)}}={\frac {1}{\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{x}}}
mentres que as ecuacións para
csc
(
arccos
x
)
{\displaystyle \csc(\arccos x)}
e
sec
(
arccos
x
)
{\displaystyle \sec(\arccos x)}
son:
csc
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
sin
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
1
−
x
2
.
{\displaystyle \csc(\arccos x)={\frac {1}{\sin(\arccos x)}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}.}
sec
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
cos
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
x
.
{\displaystyle \sec(\arccos x)={\frac {1}{\cos(\arccos x)}}={\frac {1}{x}}.}
As seguintes identidades están implicadas polas identidades de reflexión. Mantéñense sempre que
x
,
r
,
s
,
−
x
,
−
r
,
e
−
s
{\displaystyle x,r,s,-x,-r,{\text{ e }}-s}
estean nos dominios das funcións relevantes.
π
2
=
arcsin
(
x
)
+
arccos
(
x
)
=
arctan
(
r
)
+
arccot
(
r
)
=
arcsec
(
s
)
+
arccsc
(
s
)
π
=
arccos
(
x
)
+
arccos
(
−
x
)
=
arccot
(
r
)
+
arccot
(
−
r
)
=
arcsec
(
s
)
+
arcsec
(
−
s
)
0
=
arcsin
(
x
)
+
arcsin
(
−
x
)
=
arctan
(
r
)
+
arctan
(
−
r
)
=
arccsc
(
s
)
+
arccsc
(
−
s
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{9}{\frac {\pi }{2}}~&=~\arcsin(x)&&+\arccos(x)~&&=~\arctan(r)&&+\operatorname {arccot}(r)~&&=~\operatorname {arcsec}(s)&&+\operatorname {arccsc}(s)\\[0.4ex]\pi ~&=~\arccos(x)&&+\arccos(-x)~&&=~\operatorname {arccot}(r)&&+\operatorname {arccot}(-r)~&&=~\operatorname {arcsec}(s)&&+\operatorname {arcsec}(-s)\\[0.4ex]0~&=~\arcsin(x)&&+\arcsin(-x)~&&=~\arctan(r)&&+\arctan(-r)~&&=~\operatorname {arccsc}(s)&&+\operatorname {arccsc}(-s)\\[1.0ex]\end{alignedat}}}
Tamén ,[ 10]
arctan
x
+
arctan
1
x
=
{
π
2
,
se
x
>
0
−
π
2
,
se
x
<
0
arccot
x
+
arccot
1
x
=
{
π
2
,
se
x
>
0
3
π
2
,
se
x
<
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arctan x+\arctan {\dfrac {1}{x}}&={\begin{cases}{\frac {\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x>0\\-{\frac {\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x<0\end{cases}}\\\operatorname {arccot} x+\operatorname {arccot} {\dfrac {1}{x}}&={\begin{cases}{\frac {\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x>0\\{\frac {3\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x<0\end{cases}}\\\end{aligned}}}
arccos
1
x
=
arcsec
x
e
arcsec
1
x
=
arccos
x
{\displaystyle \arccos {\frac {1}{x}}=\operatorname {arcsec} x\qquad {\text{ e }}\qquad \operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arccos x}
arcsin
1
x
=
arccsc
x
e
arccsc
1
x
=
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle \arcsin {\frac {1}{x}}=\operatorname {arccsc} x\qquad {\text{ e }}\qquad \operatorname {arccsc} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arcsin x}
A función arcotanxente pódese expandir como unha serie:[ 11]
arctan
(
n
x
)
=
∑
m
=
1
n
arctan
x
1
+
(
m
−
1
)
m
x
2
{\displaystyle \arctan(nx)=\sum _{m=1}^{n}\arctan {\frac {x}{1+(m-1)mx^{2}}}}
↑ Selby 1970
↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Weisstein, Eric W. "Trigonometric Addition Formulas" . MathWorld .
↑ 3,0 3,1 "angle sum identities" . www.milefoot.com .
↑ Selby 1970
↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Multiple-Angle Formulas" . mathworld.wolfram.com . Consultado o 2022-02-06 .
↑ Abramowitz and Stegun, p. 80, 4.4.26–31
↑ Hawkins, Faith Mary; Hawkins, J. Q. (March 1, 1969). Complex Numbers and Elementary Complex Functions (en english) . London: MacDonald Technical & Scientific London (publicado o 1968). p. 122. ISBN 978-0356025056 .
↑ Markushevich, A. I. (1966). The Remarkable Sine Function (en english) . New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 35–37, 81. ISBN 978-1483256313 .
↑ Abramowitz & Stegun 1972 , p. 73, 4.3.45
↑ Wu, Rex H. "Proof Without Words: Euler's Arctangent Identity", Mathematics Magazine 77(3), June 2004, p. 189.
↑ S. M. Abrarov, R. K. Jagpal, R. Siddiqui and B. M. Quine (2021). Algorithmic determination of a large integer in the two-term Machin-like formula for π . Mathematics 9 . 2162. arXiv :2107.01027 . doi :10.3390/math9172162 .